TNF and acute myeloid leukemia: Blocking the p38 MAPKα/β pathway with LY [68, 69] (Fig. 4c), in combination with the anti-inflammatory PFD [68, 71, 72] that precludes downstream TNFα expression [71, 72] (Fig. 5e)—prior to (and continued with) AraC chemotherapy—lead to effective loss of chemoresistance in multiple AML cell lines (Fig. 7b), in tumors in vivo in AML mouse models (Fig. 8c–h), and in patient samples (Fig. 8a and Additional file 1: Figure S5I), validating their ability to reduce resistance and tumors in vitro and in vivo.