NFKB1 and infection: Interestingly, treatment with S-1P enhanced the expression of key signaling proteins, including phospho-MAPK (pp38), phospho-Nf-κB, and phospho-STAT3 in the lungs of infected animals during the course of the infection (Figure 10), which may account for S1P–mediated control of pathogenic mycobacteria in infected animals.