For example, subsets with expression of PD-1 and co-expression of CD127, TCF-1, and CXCR5 were found enriched in HIV patients with relatively good disease control (i.e., high CD4 counts, CD4/CD8 ratio and low viral load) and these “health-associated” TEX subsets were also detected in large amounts in tumor-surrounding macroscopically non-infiltrated lung compared to the tumor tissue. The gene discussed is CD4; the disease is neoplasm.