TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Seeing that the secretion of multiple myokines, e.g., TNFα (Saghizadeh et al., 1996), MCP1 (DiGregorio et al., 2005), and IL6 (Munoz-Canoves et al., 2013), as well as miR-29 (Massart et al., 2017) by T2D muscle or myotubes have been reported to be altered compared to healthy individuals or cells derived from them (Ciaraldi et al., 2016) (reviewed in Garneau and Aguer, 2019), it is possible that some of these factors could contribute to regulation of β-cell mass and function in T2D.