TGFB1 and epilepsy: Regarding the pathogenesis of epilepsy, after initial speculations on BBB failure leading to epilepsy in the 1960s (Quadbeck, 1968) and experimental studies in the 1970s confirming edema formation in focal experimental epilepsy (Nagy and Fischer, 1978), several seminal papers by the Friedman lab (Seiffert et al., 2004; Ivens et al., 2007; Bar-Klein et al., 2017; Lippmann et al., 2017) established a causality between BBB breakdown and epilepsy, mediated via albumin release into the brain parenchyma and subsequent TGF-β-dependent albumin glial uptake.