For example, in cancer, tumor-derived EVs carry a wealth of clinically important information as to driver mutations (Al-Nedawi et al., 2008; Skog et al., 2008; Choi et al., 2017), drug resistance markers (Bebawy et al., 2009; Boelens et al., 2014), determinants of immunoregulation (e.g. PD-L1) (Ricklefs et al., 2018) and other salient features of tumor and stroma. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.