TNF and liver dysplastic nodule: Inflammation is considered a critical initiator in the pathophysiology of DN and several lines of evidence have shown that some cytokines and chemokines, such as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and Soluble C-X-C chemokine ligand (CXCLs), play a vital role in the inflammatory response (Wada and Makino, 2013; Talsma et al., 2018).