We also believe that recently developed molecular tools aimed at delineating the roles of IL-1 signaling, such as IL-1R1loxP/loxP mice and IL-1R1 Restore mice, will prove useful for determining the specific cell types and timelines critical for targeting IL-1 signaling post-TBI, similar to efforts in preclinical models for ischemia (Liu et al., 2015; Robson et al., 2016; Wong et al., 2019). The gene discussed is IL1A; the disease is ischemia.