CCND1 and exstrophy-epispadias complex: Cyclin D1 is a pleiotropic protein that is best known as a cell cycle protein, but it has also been shown to facilitate cell mobility and cytoskeletal remodelling,49,50 and associated with increased metastasis.49 The significance of increased expression of cyclin D1 is consistent with findings by Du et al.51 who developed an RPPA protein-based prediction model to help distinguish early- from late-stage EEC patients.