PRKAA1 and breast carcinoma: None of these treatments though has reached clinical practise or even clinical trials until now, bar one phase II trial in breast cancer patients on DOX-based chemotherapy with metformin, though this trial was terminated due to insufficient patient accrual.2 The multitude of animal and cell models and varying concentrations and timescales of DOX used to study both the mechanism of DOX cardiotoxicity and the effect of AMPK-activating agents in this setting make it difficult to find consensus on molecular mechanisms.