Overall, we observed that patients treated with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors had lower risks of all-grade anaemia, neutropenia, diarrhoea, stomatitis, nausea, asthenia, alopecia, neuropathy, fatigue, vomiting, constipation, mucosal inflammation, decreased appetite, decreased neutrophil count, and decreased white-cell count than those in the control group. Here, CD274 is linked to anemia.