Broadly, PTP1B is a therapeutic target for the treatment of diabetes, obesity48, breast cancer49, and cardiovascular disease50, and has emerged as a potential modulator of inflammation51, anxiety52, immunity53, memory54, and neural specification in embryonic stem cells55; by facilitating detailed analyses of the contribution of PTP1B to these complex processes, the tools developed in this study could help to elucidate the biochemical basis—and perhaps, shared origin—of a diverse set of physiological states. This evidence concerns the gene PTPN1 and diabetes mellitus.