TBK1 and infection: GAS WT infection resulted in rapid TBK1 activation according to increased phosphorylation at TBK1 (S172), whereas TBK1 was not activated during Δslo mutant infection (Supplementary Fig. 1a), demonstrating that TBK1 activation is induced in response to GAS invasion into the cytosol and/or endosomal membrane damage by SLO.