ADAR and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: We modulated expression of ADAR1/2 in an esophageal squamous carcinoma (ESCC) cell line EC109 that has been used for RNA editing studies previously33,34, using lentivirus-mediated silencing and overexpression (Fig. 1a), followed by transcriptome-wide RNA-Seq analysis of editing sites and alternative splicing events.