Whereas there were no significant differences in levels of IgA, IgG1, IgG2b and IgG3 (Fig. 1a–d) between the different infection scenarios, re-stimulation with MF lead to significantly enhanced IgG2a (Friedman test: F = 10.63, P = 0.0311; Dunn’s post-hoc test: P = 0.0466), IgE (Friedman test: F = 14.68, P = 0.0054; Dunn’s post-hoc test: P = 0.0026) and IgM (Friedman test: F = 19.73, P = 0.0006; Dunn’s post-hoc test: P = 0.0140 and P = 0.0009) in MF-exposed mice when compared to cultures from groups exposed to L4 and adult worms and responses to their specific antigens (Fig. 1e–g). The gene discussed is CD40LG; the disease is infection.