CARD8 and tuberculosis: For TB evidence for both, a protective role of NLRP3 and IL-1β, as well as a pathogenic immune reaction can be found: Mice defective of IL-1β are more susceptible for TB [53] and human macrophages isolated from three individuals with combined gain-of-function-mutations of NLRP3 (rs35829419, M299V—no assigned rs number yet) and Card8 (rs2043211) in vitro allow a decreased mycobacterial growth and higher levels of IL-1β [54].