TNF and skin cancer: Subsequently, numerous in vivo and in vitro studies have found more inflammatory chemokines, cytokines or proteases that are also involved in the transformation, survival, invasion, and metastasis of skin cancer cells, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), interleukins 6, 17, and 23, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 2 and 9, furin, cathepsin and many more [87,88].