KLK3 and prostate carcinoma: However, the differences in the numbers of future PSA tests between normal and high lifetime risk groups for those taking up the test suggests that further study is indicated as to whether these effects are replicated, sustained, and large enough to affect an important range of health services research outcomes, such as quality of life, referrals, biopsies, diagnoses of prostate cancer, mortality, impact on overdiagnosis (of indolent pathologies), and resource use effects.