More importantly, several other GE signatures have been confirmed to be up-regulated, for example, up-regulation of UCHL1 at the protein level was observed with immunohistochemical analysis of bronchial biopsies of smokers compared with nonsmokers and its overexpression in chronic smokers may represent an early event in the complex transformation from normal epithelium to overt malignancy (Carolan et al., 2006); and CYP24A1 was found to be significantly up-regulated in NSCLC patients by Kim et al. (2007). Here, CYP24A1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.