Our present findings also confirm that infection influences HSP levels in wax moths, with HSP60 and HSP27 levels remaining elevated in hemocytes 24 and 48 hours after infection with C. coronatus. In the F48 group, i.e. 48 hours after infection, an increase of HSP90 was also detected; however, HSP70 levels did not appear to be infected. Here, HSPD1 is linked to infection.