TLR5 and neoplasm: While continuous activation of TLR5 can support chronic inflammation and promote tumor progression [33], brief therapeutic application of TLR5 agonists demonstrates beneficial effects that do not protect tumors, but instead induce an antitumor immune response against TLR5-expressing tumors and tumors residing in a TLR5-responsive microenvironment such as the liver [24, 32, 34, 35].