CFTR and congenital bilateral aplasia of vas deferens from CFTR mutation: While the genetic determinism of NOAs is characterized by significant genetic heterogeneity with more than 30 genes identified (SPGF [MIM#258150]), that of OAs is limited to very few genes (Ghieh et al. 2019). Therefore, it is established that approximately three-quarters of the Caucasian cases of CAVD are linked to anomalies in two genes: CFTR for the majority of cases and ADGRG2 for a minority (Patat et al. 2016). Other genes such as SLC9A3 might be involved in some iCBAVDs but also epigenetic or environmental factors with very different physiopathological roles.