ROS can kill both free and phagocytosed parasites in vitro,36,62,85 and immune-epidemiological studies have associated ROS production with parasite clearance and protection from clinical malaria.62,86 Consistent with the observed ADRB activity, the vast majority of the MSP1-specific antibodies produced by the vaccinees belonged to the cytophilic, opsonizing subclasses IgG1 and IgG3 (92.1% and 6.5%) (Fig. 2a), which can recruit Fc-receptor presenting immune cells via their Fc domain. This evidence concerns the gene IGHG3 and malaria.