NFKB1 and atrial fibrillation: The present study provided experimental evidence that exposure to P-WPS or AF-WPS or SF-WPS induces adverse alterations in lung function and morphology and causes oxidative stress and inflammation via mechanisms that include activation of NF-κB. Broadly, the deleterious actions of flavoured tobacco WPS, in particular SF, were found to be significantly greater than those of unflavoured WPS.