Therefore, we proposed that FF-induced FGF21 expression, mediated via PPARα, could protect the kidney from diabetes-induced oxidative stress/damage, inflammation, and remodeling by activating the Akt2/GSK-3β/Fyn/Nrf2 pathway, similar to the mechanism reported to mediate the hepatoprotective effect of the Akt/Nrf2 pathway in diabetes 32. The gene discussed is PPARA; the disease is diabetes mellitus.