FGF21 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: In turn, FGF21 not only activates the Akt2-dependent oxidative response under the control of Nrf2, but also activates AMPK-dependent metabolic processes to the nucleus, where it upregulates the transcription of downstream antioxidant molecules that protect against T1D-induced renal oxidative stress/damage, inflammation, fibrosis, and consequently dysfunction.