CD8A and head and neck cancer: Analyzing the immune cells estimated by CIBERSORT, we identified a significant increase in macrophages and T-cell signals in alphapapillomavirus-positive head-and-neck cancers (P = 0.004, 0.012 and 0.012 for follicular helper, CD8 and regulatory T cells, respectively, and P = 0.018 for M1 macrophages; FDR corrected for all viruses and cell types tested; Fig. 3g, Supplementary Table 24).