To explore the role of DC-specific OTUB1 in viral infection, we infected mice with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), which induces a strong IL-12 response in various DC subtypes.67 In MCMV infection, the induction of IL-12 in DCs is mediated by TLR3,68 TLR7,69 TLR9,70,71 RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs),72 and cGAS/STING,72 which may compensate for each other with respect to IL-12 production. This evidence concerns the gene TLR9 and viral infectious disease.