OTUB1 and toxoplasmosis: Notably, both TgPFN and LPS also induced the stronger activation of MAPKs in OTUB1-competent BMDCs, which is in accordance with the supportive role of UBC13 in LPS-induced MAPK activation.41 Thus, these pathways may also contribute to the proinflammatory phenotype of OTUB1fl/fl mice in toxoplasmosis and under LPS challenge, although the NF-κB pathway plays a superior role.