CD4 and AIDS: While a recent study reported significantly higher oral bacterial diversity after 24 weeks on ART in participants with low CD4 counts (32), patients in our cohort with a CD4 nadir below 100 cells/μl had lower gut bacterial diversity, and patients with a history of AIDS had significantly lower subgingival plaque fungal α-diversity, despite more than 75% of the cohort having been diagnosed and treated with ART for over 10 years.