Furthermore, the intratracheal administration of HMGB1 can induce a concentration-dependent increase in the infiltration of interstitial/intra-alveolar neutrophils, alveolar red blood cells, levels of MPO and lung edema, similar to endotoxin-induced ALI [20], suggesting that airway HMGB1 plays a critical role in mediating inflammatory responses in ALI/ARDS [20,52]. The gene discussed is HMGB1; the disease is acute respiratory distress syndrome.