ACE and atrial fibrillation: These were angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB) as a BP-lowering agent for non-HD patients, warfarin for atrial fibrillation for non-HD patients, and short-term mortality after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) versus coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) for CKD patients undergoing dialysis (Table 2).