IL1B and gram-negative bacterial infections: Several experimental animal models have shown that RF has a potent effect against mortality rates from LPS-induced septic shock, exotoxin and exotoxin-induced shock, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections via reduction the elevated level of TNF-α, IL-1, IL-1β, IL-6, gamma interferon (IFN-γ), MCP-1, and 2 MIP-2 as well as NO levels [8,42,43].