Previous study with gastric adenoma–carcinoma pairs identified recurrent mutations of TP53, APC, RNF43, and RPL22 in synchronous adenomas–carcinomas as lesion-common mutations [19], and the difference of mutation profiles may be partly because of the histologic difference between studies (e.g., synchronous or co-existence of benign and malignant lesions). Here, RNF43 is linked to gastric adenoma.