Immune system cell infiltration is thekey to the pathogenesis of SLE and include B and T cells, macrophages, dendriticcells, and mast cells.29 Activated mast cellscan synthesize prostaglandin and leukotriene, which promote the release of cytokinessuch as tumor necrosis factor alpha, a potent inducer of other inflammatorycytokines, including IL-2 and IL-6. Here, TNF is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.