TNF and cancer: 1 was the first anticancer drug to be coupled to a NGR peptide.Later, phase I and phase II clinical trials of NGR-hTNFα asa single antitumor agent and in combination with 1 havebeen performed for a variety of cancers, including ovarian, colorectal,and small cell lung cancer (SCLC).107,108 Tumor necrosisfactor α (TNFα) has demonstrated powerful antitumor activitybut also severe toxicity.