To further determine whether this system could be applied to clinical and pathological diagnosis of tumour areas containing HNSCC cells stimulated with TGF-β1 at the bedside, we used machine learning-based discriminant algorithm established by using a large number of mass spectra from TGF-β1-stimulated and -unstimulated HNSCC cells. Here, TGFB1 is linked to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.