Next, we investigated whether TGF-β1 participated in insulin-inhibiting osteogenic differentiation of DM-BMSC, and found that the expression of Run2, Ocn, and Opn increased when TGF-β1 signaling was blocked, whereas these genes decreased when TGF-β1 signaling was activated (Figure 4G–4J). Here, TGFB1 is linked to diabetes mellitus.