TGFB1 and cranioectodermal dysplasia: High levels of TGF-β1 in the bone marrow and abnormalities in bone remodeling are associated with multiple skeletal disorders, such as CED, characterized by a fusiform thickening of the diaphysis of the long bones and skull, and caused by mutations in TGFB1 that result in premature activation of TGF-β1 [46–48].