HP and infection: Funnel plots of HP (z = −0.059, p < .001), HCV (z = 6.122, p < .001), HSV (z = 0.906, p = .365), chicken pox (z = −2.466, p = .014), German measles (z = 1.120, p = .263), Malassezia (z = 4.811, p < .001), and pneumoniae (z = 2.233, p = .026) infection showed significant asymmetry, suggesting significant publication bias exists.