TNF and Sepsis: In the serum, we found that the median IL-6 titer in the CoPP treatment group was 1,000-fold higher than the vehicle-treatment group with ∼2-fold more animals in the CoPP treatment group having high levels of IL-6 (>1,000 pg/ml) and other cytokines, including IFN-γ and TNF-α but not IL-10, suggesting the onset of sepsis (Fig. 4F; see Fig. S2 in the supplemental material).