TNF and infection: The formation of pyogranulomas in infected organs is common to both murine and human chronic cases of melioidosis, as well as the expression of inflammatory cytokines and acquired immune antibody response after exposure/infection [1, 2], but it is not clear at this time if dysregulation of TNF-α and IFN-γ expression is a common feature that occurs in host cells that are occupied by other intracellular pathogens.