In the context of HPV-associated cervical dysplasia in a large, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 2b trial, clinical response to treatment with VGX-3100 (DNA immunotherapy for targeting E6/E7 of HPV16/18) in the form of regression of lesions concomitant with elimination of HPV infection was statistically associated with the presence of a robust cellular response that included IFN-γ and CD8+ T cells exhibiting phenotypic markers of cytoxicity [25]. Here, CD8A is linked to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.