In another way, PCA has been shown to inhibit ICAM1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1)-dependent monocyte adhesion to activated HUVEC endothelium, as well as CCL2-mediated monocyte transmigration, thereby reducing the development of atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− mice [46]. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and atherosclerosis.