VCAM1 and atherosclerosis: As a major microbial metabolite of proanthocyanidin, 5-(3’,4’-dihydroxyphenyl-γ-valerolactone) prevents THP-1 monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion by downregulating expressions of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1, which are biomarkers of atherosclerosis [77].