TNF and neoplasm: Through the expression and secretion of growth factors, including VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), TNF (tumor necrosis factor) and MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) and hypoxia induction, tumor cells in association with some immune cells can promote the initiation of angiogenesis through the formation of leaky vessel structures and promote metastatic dissemination.