CSF2 and neoplasm: A number of preclinical studies with murine tumor models reported in vivo antitumor effects of immunization with DCs genetically modified to express a variety of cytokines, including granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin (IL)-2, IL-7, IL-12, IL-21, IL-23, IL-32, and interferon (IFN)-α [27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36].