The absent immune model offered the most accurate approximation of IFN-deficient Vero cell time series, the induced immune model best recovered the RoNi/7.1 cell trials, and, in most cases, the constitutive immune model most closely recaptured infection dynamics across constitutively IFN-α-expressing PaKiT01 cell lines (Figure 1, Figure 1—figure supplements 4–5, Supplementary file 4). Here, IFNA1 is linked to infection.