PIN1 and cancer: In cancer, PIN1 has been shown to promote carcinogenesis through its interaction with cell-cycle regulatory proteins and apoptosis-related proteins including β-catenin, cyclin D1, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)-p65, p53, and myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) (Ryo et al., 2001; Liou et al., 2002; Zacchi et al., 2002; Ryo et al., 2003; Ding et al., 2008).