Inhibition of PDE4, the predominant PDE of monocytes and macrophages, results in dampening of the overly aggressive inflammatory responses in diverse diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, psoriatic arthritis, pulmonary TB, and others (Maurice et al., 2014). The gene discussed is ALDH7A1; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.