PDE4A and pulmonary tuberculosis: In both the mouse and rabbit models of pulmonary TB, administration of adjunctive PDE4 inhibitors (PDE4i), including CC-3052 and CC-11050, significantly reduced the bacillary load, macrophage activation, and the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules in the lungs (Koo et al., 2011; Subbian et al., 2011a,b, 2016a,b).