PDPN and central nervous system cancer: In agreement with our results here, previous reports had linked Pdpn to the regulation of cellular proliferation (Ramirez et al., 2003; Williams, 2003; Spinella et al., 2009; Cortez et al., 2010; Yan et al., 2011; Peterziel et al., 2012; Acton et al., 2014; Grau et al., 2015); and novel in vitro models studying stem cell and glioma invasion have also revealed elevated levels of Pdpn in migrating and invasive NSCs (Sailer et al., 2013).