PDPN and embryonal carcinoma: Additionally, studies in P19 embryonic carcinoma cells that can be differentiated into neuronal cells, and in neuronal stem cells that were sorted out based on their Pdpn expression levels, had shown that precursor cells with higher levels of Pdpn expression exhibit higher self-renewal capabilities and greater variability in their differentiation profiles (multi-lineage differentiation into neural cells), whereas precursor cells with lower levels of Pdpn expression displayed low self-renewability and differentiated predominantly into neurons (Kotani et al., 2002, 2003, 2007).