In agreement with our results here, previous reports had linked Pdpn to the regulation of cellular proliferation (Ramirez et al., 2003; Williams, 2003; Spinella et al., 2009; Cortez et al., 2010; Yan et al., 2011; Peterziel et al., 2012; Acton et al., 2014; Grau et al., 2015); and novel in vitro models studying stem cell and glioma invasion have also revealed elevated levels of Pdpn in migrating and invasive NSCs (Sailer et al., 2013). This evidence concerns the gene PDPN and glioma.