Remarkably, only two out of 106 AMD-associated genes are linked to loci of complex eye diseases and traits, namely RDH5 and COL4A3. Almost one quarter (21.7%) of all AMD-associated genes identified in this study overlap with R2 loci of two or more complex traits and diseases (Table 3). This evidence concerns the gene COL4A3 and age-related macular degeneration.