In the ischaemic AKI model, enhanced expression of M2 markers was observed in the kidney after 3 days with peak expression observed after 7 days.38, 39, 40 The M2 macrophages can be activated by M‐CSF, IL‐4, IL‐10, IL‐13 and TGF‐β. This evidence concerns the gene CSF1 and acute kidney injury.