APOE and atherosclerosis: A choline analogue that has a non-lethal inhibitory effect on TMA, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol (DMB) was reported to be able to inhibit choline diet-enhanced endogenous macrophage foam cell formation and atherosclerotic lesion development in ApoE−/− mice without alterations in circulating cholesterol levels, suggesting that targeting gut microbial production of TMA specifically and non-lethal microbial inhibitors may serve as a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of atherosclerosis [108].